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Numerous other Scientologist-run businesses and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or highly regarded people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has achieved some credibility as a religious beliefs in numerous nations, Scientology has also been explained as both a cult and a business business.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Game people it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web poll run by view website the governmental shift team getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later on relabelled the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and committed one of the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past used aggressive strategies in resolving those it views as trying to reduce them, called Suppressive read here Individuals (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.